Total cost of ownership calculator
Compare what up to three cars cost over five years, with every assumption shown and sourced.
Assumptions behind the tools
Choose a market in the form above to see its assumptions here.
Assumptions for all markets
| Market | Assumption | Applies to | Value | Source | Checked |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT | Annual distance | All cars | 11,376 km | Umweltbundesamt NowCast Verkehr 2024 (REP-0987) | 25 Oct 2026 |
| AU | Annual distance | All cars | 11,100 km | ABS Survey of Motor Vehicle Use | 14 Oct 2026 |
| AU | Annual maintenance | Battery electric | A$652 per year | RACQ Running costs 2025 (Private vehicle expenses) | 23 Oct 2026 |
| AU | Annual maintenance | All cars | A$759 per year | RACQ Running costs 2025 (Private vehicle expenses) | 23 Oct 2026 |
| AU | Depreciation over 5 years | Battery electric | 54.6% of price lost over 5 years | RACQ Running costs 2025 (Private vehicle expenses) | 23 Oct 2026 |
| AU | Depreciation over 5 years | All cars | 53.4% of price lost over 5 years | RACQ Running costs 2025 (Private vehicle expenses) | 23 Oct 2026 |
| AU | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | A$2,226 per year | Canstar car insurance cost research | 14 Oct 2026 |
| BE | Annual distance | All cars | 14,172 km | Car-Pass Jaarverslag 2025 (annual report, odometer register) | 25 Oct 2026 |
| BE | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | €320 per year | Assuralia press release 9 January 2026 (average BA premium 2024) | 25 Oct 2026 |
| CA | Annual distance | All cars | 14,294 km | Natural Resources Canada, National Energy Use Database | 23 Oct 2026 |
| CH | Annual distance | All cars | 10,256 km | BFS/ARE Mobilitätsverhalten der Bevölkerung, Mikrozensus Mobilität und Verkehr 2021 | 28 Oct 2026 |
| DE | Annual distance | All cars | 12,309 km | KBA Verkehr in Kilometern (via auto motor und sport) | 14 Oct 2026 |
| DE | Annual maintenance | All cars | €550 per year | DAT Report 2026 (via Vision Mobility) | 23 Oct 2026 |
| ES | Annual distance | All cars | 12,295 km | DGT Kilómetros anualizados recorridos por el parque móvil 2024 | 25 Oct 2026 |
| ES | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | €403 per year | CHECK24 Mapa del Seguro de Coche 2025 (private comparator) | 25 Oct 2026 |
| FR | Annual distance | All cars | 11,600 km | SDES, parc automobile | 14 Oct 2026 |
| FR | Depreciation over 5 years | Battery electric | 59% of price lost over 5 years | leboncoin used-price study, reported by L'Argus | 23 Oct 2026 |
| FR | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | €601 per year | France Assureurs average car insurance premium 2025 | 23 Oct 2026 |
| GB | Annual distance | All cars | 7,100 mi | UK DfT National Travel Survey, table NTS0901 | 14 Oct 2026 |
| GB | Annual maintenance | Battery electric | £804 per year | The Car Expert with Clear Vehicle Data, servicing costs 2025 | 23 Oct 2026 |
| GB | Annual maintenance | All cars | £1,142 per year | The Car Expert with Clear Vehicle Data, servicing costs 2025 | 23 Oct 2026 |
| GB | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | £566 per year | ABI motor insurance premium tracker (via Which?) | 14 Oct 2026 |
| IE | Annual distance | All cars | 15,196 km | CSO Road Traffic Volumes THA10, average kilometres per private car 2023 | 25 Oct 2026 |
| IE | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | €655 per year | Central Bank of Ireland NCID Private Motor Insurance Report 8 (2025) | 25 Oct 2026 |
| IT | Annual distance | All cars | 10,949 km | ISTAT Focus, Percorrenze veicoli 2023 | 24 Oct 2026 |
| IT | Annual maintenance | All cars | €705 per year | ACI Annuario Statistico 2026, Appendice A (Tab. A.12) | 24 Oct 2026 |
| IT | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | €422 per year | IVASS IPER, average RC auto premium (comunicazione statistica n. 7/2026) | 24 Oct 2026 |
| NL | Annual distance | All cars | 12,300 km | CBS verkeersprestaties personenautos | 14 Oct 2026 |
| NL | Annual maintenance | Battery electric | €294 per year | BOVAG and RAI Vereniging, Aftersales Monitor 2025 | 23 Oct 2026 |
| NL | Annual maintenance | All cars | €779 per year | BOVAG and RAI Vereniging, Aftersales Monitor 2025 | 23 Oct 2026 |
| NL | Depreciation over 5 years | Battery electric | 63% of price lost over 5 years | ANWB Kampioen, used car values | 14 Oct 2026 |
| NL | Depreciation over 5 years | All cars | 48% of price lost over 5 years | ANWB Kampioen, used car values | 14 Oct 2026 |
| NO | Annual distance | All cars | 11,350 km | Statistics Norway, kjorelengder | 14 Oct 2026 |
| NO | Annual maintenance | Battery electric | NOK 11,223 per year | OFV Kostnader ved bilhold 2026 | 14 Oct 2026 |
| NO | Annual maintenance | All cars | NOK 11,358 per year | OFV Kostnader ved bilhold 2026 | 14 Oct 2026 |
| NO | Insurance (suggested) | Battery electric | NOK 20,989 per year | OFV Kostnader ved bilhold 2026 | 23 Oct 2026 |
| NO | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | NOK 14,059 per year | OFV Kostnader ved bilhold 2026 | 23 Oct 2026 |
| SE | Annual distance | All cars | 12,427 km | Trafikanalys Körsträckor 2025 (Statistik 2026:10) | 26 Oct 2026 |
| US | Annual distance | All cars | 10,787 mi | FHWA Highway Statistics, table VM-1 | 14 Oct 2026 |
| US | Annual maintenance | Battery electric | US$1,511 per year | AAA Your Driving Costs 2025 | 14 Oct 2026 |
| US | Annual maintenance | All cars | US$1,656 per year | AAA Your Driving Costs 2025 | 14 Oct 2026 |
| US | Depreciation over 5 years | Battery electric | 57.2% of price lost over 5 years | iSeeCars 5-year depreciation study 2026 | 14 Oct 2026 |
| US | Depreciation over 5 years | All cars | 41.8% of price lost over 5 years | iSeeCars 5-year depreciation study 2026 | 14 Oct 2026 |
| US | Insurance (suggested) | All cars | US$1,694 per year | AAA Your Driving Costs 2025 | 14 Oct 2026 |