LFP vs NMC batteries

Two main lithium-ion EV battery chemistries. LFP contains no cobalt or nickel, while NMC is described as offering higher energy density.

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Lithium-ion batteries dominate EVs, and the US Department of Energy names NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) and LFP (lithium iron phosphate) as the two chemistries that dominate the industry today. The Australian Government lists a third, NCA (nickel cobalt aluminum), among the main types.

The two differ in materials. The Department says cobalt and nickel are key cathode components that help increase the energy of cells, and that LFP has no cobalt or nickel content; the Australian Government makes the same point about LFP. The Department credits NMC with superior energy density and LFP with superior safety characteristics, meaning NMC cells generally store more energy for their weight.

Charging advice can differ by chemistry. The Australian Government says some chemistries and battery management systems prefer to operate between 20% and 80% state of charge, while others recommend charging to 100% weekly, so follow the manufacturer's guidance.

Neither is simply better. Check which chemistry a specific trim uses, because it can change range and charging habits.

  1. US DOE, Lithium-ion Batteries Technology Strategy Assessment
    US Department of Energy Accessed
  2. Australian Government, Electric vehicle batteries and motors
    Australian Government Accessed
  3. Australian Government, Electric vehicles and the environment
    Australian Government Accessed
  4. Australian Government, Electric vehicle maintenance and servicing
    Australian Government Accessed

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